In 1924, Kuvalayananda founded the Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center in Lonavla, Maharashtra, to provide a laboratory for his scientific study of Yoga.[9] In the anthropologist Joseph Alter's words, "what he himself had to prove was that this truth [of classical yoga] was based on natural laws and universal principles. In some sense, pure, objective science was to be deployed as the handmaiden of spirituality and orthodox philosophy so as to establish what came to be the theme of his life's work".[8] His research agenda, although covering a variety of yogic practices (which he divided into asana (postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), and other practices, namely kriyas, mudras, and bandhas), resulted in a detailed study of the physiology involved during each such practice.[10] So, for example, Kaivalyadhama measured the consumption of oxygen of yogins seated cross-legged and practising pranayama; Kuvalayananda explained that while "the westerner" saw deep breathing as useful for providing oxygen, "With us the oxygen value of pranayama is subordinate. We prize it more for its usefulness in nerve culture."[11]
At the same time as founding his research institute at Lonavla, Kuvalayananda started the first journal devoted to scientific investigation into yoga, Yoga Mimamsa.[16] The journal has been published quarterly every year since its founding and was scheduled to be indexed by EBSCO in 2012. It has covered experiments on the effects of asanas, kriyas, bandhas, and pranayama on humans.[17]
pranayama by swami kuvalayananda pdf 13
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In this scenario, it is challenging to have a consensus on how to name and to practice Pranayama since the different lineages of Yoga teach the techniques in distinct ways and for different purposes. We suggest that all forms of techniques may be included as long as a clear and detailed description is provided, and hence, one can understand the physiology behind the technique. Complementarily, since the word pranayama can be either a mental state and a technique to achieve this state, we suggest that in scientific texts, the term YBT should be favored instead of the traditional word Pranayama.
Another recent paper described a specific neuronal type in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) regulating calm and arousal behaviors in rodents. The inactivation or ablation of those neurons left breathing intact but promoted an increase in calm behaviors and a decrease in arousal.[1] In addition, some researchers have found that the prolonged practice of pranayama (4 weeks) also modulates the activity of brain regions involved in emotional processing, such as the amygdala, anterior cingulate, anterior insula, and prefrontal cortex.[6] Besides, through fMRI, it was possible to detect in these volunteers a reduction of connectivity between the anterior insula and lateral portions of the prefrontal cortex, which is a network associated with anxiety.[6] In this context, we argue that the sustained practice of YBT could promote neuroplasticity mechanisms underlying these findings. That is, specific neurons from pre-BötC could be affected by the voluntary control of respiration during YBT, thus stimulating less the locus coeruleus and reducing anxiety-related states. In addition, considering the prolongation of the respiratory cycle or the increase in nasal airflow during these practices, we argue that the olfactory bulb could exert a modulatory influence on the frontal lobe and limbic structures during YBT, resulting in long-term plasticity changes. 2ff7e9595c
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